Association between the use of allopurinol and risk of increased thyroid-stimulating hormone level Scientific Reports

However, since most individuals living in the UK are Caucasian,32 our results are representative of large portion of the UK population. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) showing the association between allopurinol use and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. All medications that were considered confounding variables showed significant differences between the case and control groups. Therefore, cases were found to more likely use the medication than controls. Among the diseases considered confounding variables, all diseases showed significant differences between the case and control groups.

Hyperuricemia and gout in thyroid endocrine disorders

Uric acid is a waste product produced when the body breaks down purines found in the body and the foods we eat. Uric acid is usually filtered out by the kidneys and excreted by the kidneys in urine. However, in individuals with gout, the body produces too much uric acid, has impaired renal function, or has difficulty eliminating uric acid. Excess uric acid leads to a buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints.

Dried Blood Spot Testing for Hypothyroidism

• There is no causal relationship between gout and autoimmune hypothyroidism, autoimmune hyperthyroidism, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer.
• There were no material differences from the main analysis in any of the five sensitivity analyses (Tables S1–S3).
• In addition, we relied on a single measurement of SUA and TSH levels; therefore, we were unable to give a definite diagnosis of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism and cannot take into account any variation that may have occurred over time.

The overall prevalence of hyperuricaemia and gout were 17.9% (men, 20.4%; women, 14.8%) and 4.4% (men, 6.5%; women, 1.6%), respectively. Hyperthyroid, but not hypothyroid individuals had significantly higher prevalence of hyperuricaemia. However, both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid subjects had significantly higher prevalence of gout than euthyroid subjects. This link connection may be due to the influence of thyroid hormones on uric acid metabolism. Thyroid hormones play a role in regulating enzymes involved in the breakdown and elimination of uric acid. A deficiency of these hormones in individuals with hypothyroidism can lead to reduced enzyme activity, impairing uric acid clearance.

1.4. Impact of thyroid nodule on gout.

Then, we combined and compared the values in previous studies, and decided the cut off value TSH as 0.5 to 4.5 mIU/L with the help of an endocrinology specialist. Additionally, medications such as febuxostat (Uloric) and allopurinol (Zyloprim) may be prescribed to lower uric acid levels in the body and prevent the formation of urate crystals that cause gout. We used conditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for developing gout in association with hypo- or hyperthyroidism and adjusted for potential confounders. We identified adult patients with a diagnosis of incident gout between 1990 and 2014. We matched one control to each gout case in terms of age, sex, general practice, calendar time, and years of active history in the database.

Therefore, prospective longitudinal studies are needed to further confirm these results. The risk of an increased TSH level was significantly higher in the allopurinol use group than in the allopurinol non-use group based on a CDM built using a large-scale hospital EMR, which is highly efficient. Additional analysis confirmed the potential for the development of SCH. TSH is a sensitive indicator, which detects changes in thyroid function. Therefore, we suggest that patients using allopurinol pay attention and observe changes in thyroid function. Thyroid function changes should be monitored because related diseases do not occur immediately.

• All full-text versions of studies that were potentially relevant were then screened in relation to the inclusion criteria.
• One reason for this is the consideration of renal function as a covariate in our study.
• While treating hypothyroidism does not directly resolve gout, optimal thyroid treatment may help improve the response to gout treatment.
• A possible explanation for these potential associations is the ability of thyroid hormone to influence serum urate levels through regulation of glomerular filtration rate 20.
• Therefore, cases were found to more likely use the medication than controls.

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There were no material differences from the main analysis in any of the five sensitivity analyses (Tables S1–S3).

One of the main complications is the development of joint damage and deformities, which can lead to chronic pain, stiffness, and limited mobility. In some cases, gout can affect a person’s ability to walk, work, and perform everyday tasks. Gout can also contribute to the development of kidney stones and, in some cases, chronic kidney disease.

It is suggested that autoimmune hypothyroidism and autoimmune hyperthyroidism play causal roles in the pathogenesis of gout. There was no causal effect of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer on the risk of gout. In addition, gout has no causal effect on autoimmune hypothyroidism, autoimmune hyperthyroidism, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer. Genome-wide association Studies (GWAS) publicly publish pooled data on hundreds of thousands of exposures and disease associations with genetic variation, these GWAS data allow researchers to estimate genetic associations in large samples of data. Research suggests that patients with hypothyroidism have an increased risk of developing gout. One study examined the relationship between gout and hypothyroidism and found that the prevalence of hypothyroidism was significantly higher in patients with gouty arthritis compared to the control group of euthyroid subjects (patients with normal thyroid function).

The OMOP CDM is the most widely used model, developed and managed by the OHDSI in Korea. The data for the description of the contributing study were obtained from the IEU OpenGWAS project. Finally, it’s important to stay well-hydrated by drinking adequate water each day to help flush out homeopathic synthroid uric acid from the body.

Diseases diagnosed after increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. This study used CDM data, which were de-identified, and involved no more than minimal risk to subjects. The requirement for written informed consent was waived by the Research Ethics Committee of the Catholic Medical Centre and this study was in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The long-term complications of gout can be significant and may impact multiple aspects of a person’s health.